Parents should spend more time with their children Essay

Environment- urgent concerns regarding deforestation and water supply. This essay is mainly referred to the causes of deforestation or why were trees cut down and how it affected the water supply these types of causes we looking at, the settlement of people increased and by logging or other activities. The hydrological process will discuss to you, it can show you the relationship of water and the forest, how did water affects (negative) when there were less number of trees or no trees. Then it will evaluate you how it will affect the people and the environment due to deforestation, in a negative way people will be killed by flooding you can tell in soil erosion from high lands. It will show how it affected the water supply and affected the people in health and not enough water to survive. These essay will also evaluates some strategies that avoid deforestation and affecting of water supply for instance make posters to tell the world to stop deforestation and other strategies will show in some pages at the back of the essay. Causes of Deforestation What is deforestation? Deforestation is well-known as the destroying, removal or cutting down of trees â€Å"The clearing of land through total removal of forest cover† (Fellman, Getis and Getis 1985, 1990, 1992, 1995, 1997, 1999, 2001, 2003, 2005, 2007). These activity done for different purposes and special needs â€Å"Continued removal of forest cover despite the rhetoric of development plans which urge sustainable development or conservation should not be surprising† (Ward 1994, p 73). There were many activities that were done that will remove trees but here were some main reasons that cause deforestation Firstly, the settlements nowadays the world population is growing high or increased and urbanization is the other process that cause these settlements. People from rural moved to urban to live because this area contains many jobs, schools, hospitals and other different services. When there were many people move in the city or that town area will expand and some forests were removing but those people built their houses there â€Å"Why do humans clear forest lands? To make room for human settlement and urbanization [these include making space for shelter, industries and roads] (eSchooltoday 2010). The second well known they search there profit from the forests for instance they remove big trees but make plantations and settle more livestock farms for the family to earn income buy selling it. You can tell this when you travel to Aleisa fewer parts contains big trees but most were cattle farms of huge plantations that cover Aleisa. [Figure 2] The other way to earn income is by logging some people sell their trees to a timber construction to cut don but they earn income from that company. â€Å"In many areas, poor people have few options to make income, and forests have few protectors, and so land is cleared for agriculture and valuable timber is sold for profit† (http://www. globalchange. umich. edu/globalchange2/current/lectures/deforest/deforest. html ). [Figure 2] Hydrological process and importance of trees How the water supply did affects from the Deforestation? Hydrological process is the unending cycle of water in the earth â€Å"The natural system by which water is continuously circulated through the biosphere by evaporation, condensation, and precipitation† (Fellman, Getis and Getis 1985, 1990, 1992, 1995, 1997, 1999, 2001, 2003, 2005, 2007). Lets starts from the evaporation when water from the ocean, lakes, rivers and transpiration from plants heated up by the sun then they turn to a gas. Then that gas move upwards and turn to water vapor (clouds) that water vapor was high saturated and they move onwards the mountain and highlands and its precipitate or fall turn in to liquid and fall down (rainfall). That water will fall on highlands and automatically flow to the ocean or lakes by river (run-off) and other were sucked in by the soil and store under the land surface (ground water) then less water hold by the trees (transpiration). If the sun rise and heated the earth these process will continue started from evaporation and so on you can refer on figure two for more understanding. [Figure 3] During the run-off process water flow from high lands to the low land so the importance of trees they can slow down the moving of water to the ocean so the soil can easily sucked in the water and store water in the underground â€Å"Underground water-holding aquifers are recharged with slowing down of water run-off† (Nix, S 2013, The Top Reasons Trees Are Available, About . com, viewed in 3rd October 2013, http://www. ask. com. /mainimportanceoftrees. html . The other importance of trees they can hold the water from there leaves its called transpiration people can easily get water form the leaves and use it especially the hunting peoples. Tree can play a special role too in the way of supplying the oxygen to people for breathing and also the way in medicine we use every parts of a tree like roots, leaves, brunches and others. There were hundreds important of trees the other major important is for food and drinks for instance a coconut, mango, banana and others trees also shades and cool you can tell if you visiting a Forest the air is pure and you can feel the cool breeze plus the shades no hot and no sun. Impact of deforestation on the water supply The water depends highly on trees just like human beings we depend on water every time, if we don’t drink water you can fell dry in your body. Rainfall from the sky is the main source of water in the world plus the underground water, people use house roof to catch more water from rain and dig under for clean water from the underground and form well. If the rain fall from the sky then its splash on the soil and started to flow on the low land if the there were many trees there then the water will flow slowly because the roots hold the soil â€Å"The roots of the trees bind soil to it and to the bedrock underlying it. That is how trees prevent soil from getting eroded by natural agents like wind or water. † (Fiset. N 2007 Harmful Effects of Deforestation viewed 8 October 2013 http://www. articlesbase. com/environment-articles/harmful-effects-of-deforestation-131219. html . When the water is overflow there will be less water in the underground but the water will flow heavily on the ocean and lakes because of streams and rivers. â€Å"When forest cover is lost, run-off rapidly flows into streams, elevating river levels and subjecting downstream villages, cities, and agricultural fields to flooding, especially during the rainy season† (http://www. effects-of-deforestation. com) The other impact of deforestation on water supply if rivers grow stronger and stronger then the pipe lines that supply the water around that country will be break up then the fresh water will be flow out mixed with the dirty water then that water isn’t healthy or safe for drinking you can tell in Magiagi during the Cyclone Eve. Huge metal pipe line were washed away by the river and left nothing the water is die out and people don’t know were to bring fresh water. [Figure 4] Impacts of Deforestation on People and Animals There were many effects or impacts of deforestation on people and the environment so let’s started in the effects on people the first major problem it can kill people. How? When rainfall is high and the run-off is strong flooding will form no person can stand in the flooding area flooding can cause death some were drown others were hit in many hard objects that the flood flow on or carried. The second effect on people the unstoppable water will clear the whole area people will lost there houses (homeless) some people plantations will be clear then the source of food and income will be lost nothing will they depend on. The other effect is the natural air will not be found less Oxygen will leave and then some people will get sick because of air pollution the gas escaped from industries, cars, different smokes etc those airs will be breath by others and get sick our lungs will badly effects and end up in Death!. The cutting down of trees can cause drought the land will be dry or cracked the area needs water and then the sun shine upon the land and them grow hot and hot. All trees that grow on that land will be die out no shade for animals and the dust will may formed it can pollute the air or effect our eye. [Figure 5] The effects of Deforestation on the Environment Deforestation can also effects our environment not only people and environment, deforestation can change the looking of the environment the beauty and green changed to the brown and clear. The other effects of deforestation on the environment is the landslide these activities mainly occur on slopes or high land when strong rainfall occur the run-off is active rapidly then more soil erode and the tree roots left on the soil plane. No power of the roots will stop the soil, the land will erode or it’s slipped off or down its shows big cuts of the earth, many properties were covered by the soil and some were killed too. â€Å"When trees are uprooted, there will be nothing to hold the soil together thus increasing risk for landslides which can cause seriously threaten safety of the people and damage their properties† (http://www. effects-of-deforestation. com). [Figure 6] Deforestation can effects the marine resources if more soil erode they will end up at the sea then water pollution is active all corals and other marine resources were covered by the soil. Many families live in the costal depend heavily on food from the sea because its contain protein and good for our health if they were destroyed, many things will happened – No food for people, Thousands of species were destroyed, Fish will not returned, tourist will not attracted by the lagoon color and others. Strategies to Stop Deforestation We can stop the cutting down of trees by established more programs or organizations’ that can avoid or stop trees from cutting down, a great example of these organization is the MNRE (Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment) or the SPREP (Secretariat of the Pacific Regional Environment Programme). â€Å"National Environment and Development Management Strategies (NEMS) have been prepared for both countries which set the pace for national objectives and programmes to address sustainable development and management of resources. † (Atherton, Dewulf and Martel 1998 p. 133). They move in every village and school to make their programs and show the effect of Deforestation they make presentations and activities to encourage people and children to plant new trees. The other strategy is to create more parks for attracting tourist and avoid deforestation many benefits we found from these strategy for instance more fresh air, income from tourist, our country will well-known also the marine, soil, plantations, animals and people will be safe from cyclone and strong rainfall. Reforestation process must be developed these process means the planting of new plants in the area that cleared and treeless â€Å"For every tree that we cut down or lose, we should try to plant another one in its place. This is part of a process known as reforestation. Everyone can be a part of reforestation by planting at least one tree every year. † (http://www. heepi. org. uk/how_you_can_prevent_deforestation. html) [Figure 7] The best example of this process is the special day in Samoa that encourages people to get the coconut and plant in your farm or plant any tree in your land. Some strategies is stop any logging industry in Samoa but use recycle business to build chairs tables and other, create posters to remind the important of trees on people and the environment. Conclusion In conclusion Deforestation caused by settlement, making plantations or livestock farm the other cause is for logging and other activities that destroy or terminates the lives of trees. The hydrological process shows the endless cycle of water in the earth evaporation, condensation, precipitation and run-off occur and it’s enlighten you the important of trees on people and animals like shades, food and others. In the way of supplying water all around a country can also effects by deforestation high rainfall caused soil erosion and pipes lines will destroy. Most of people don’t receive water or use unclean water. The cutting down of trees is the other foundation of many hazards like landslide, soil erosion and others that killed people and animal or caused other bad activities on us. Those hazards can also destroy the marine and the environment it change and destroy the landscape and the marine environment also its view, economy is low NO tourist and repairing is expensive, thousands of problems will rise if you cut down trees. DON’T PANICS! We can stand together as one to stop destroying the environment by plant new trees, establish more organization and spread everywhere to present the impacts of Deforestation on us. Make posters and encourage people and villages to form up parks, a advice stop eliminating and terminating trees and the forest. Bibliography Atherton. T, Dewulf. T & Martel. F, 1998, Pilot Community Deforestation Survey; Samoa & Niue, Secretariat of the Pacific Regional Environment Programme (SPREP), Samoa Butler. R, 2012, Impact of Deforestation; Local and National Consequences, viewed in 4th October 2013, http://www. mongobay. com/impact-of-deforestation. html eSchooltoday, 2010, Unknown, view 8 October 2013 http://www. eschooltoday. com/forests/Deforestation. html Fellman. J. D, Getis, A & Getis J 2007, Human Geography; Landscape of Human Activities, 9th edn, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. New York. Fiset. N 2007 Harmful Effects of Deforestation viewed 8 October 2013 http://www. articlesbase. com/environment-articles/harmful-effects-of-deforestation-131219. html http://www. globalchange. umich. edu/globalchange2/current/lectures/deforest/deforest. html http://www. heepi. org. uk/how_you_can_prevent_deforestation. html Meher-homji. V. M, 1988 Probable impact of deforestation on hydrological processes, viewed 9th October 2013 http://www. ciesin. columbia. edu/docs/002-159. html

Analyzing hso

Sandra Esqueda Elizabeth Montelongo Emma Johnson The Area Agency on Aging department that we visited is located on 255 S Kansas Ave in Weslaco, Texas. The representative that spoke to us on behalf of The Area Agency on Aging is named Vivian Moreno who is a social worker with a BSW. The Lower Rio Grande Valley Development Council ( LRGVDC) was designated in 1984 by the Texas Department on Aging as the Area Agency on Aging of the Lower Rio Grande Valley, one of 28 such area agencies.These agencies were created by the 1973 amendments o the Older Americans Act of 1965 to ensure that individuals aged 60 and over are treated with dignity, given independence, and provided with the opportunity to contribute to their communities. (http://www. lrgvdc. org/aging. html) Task Environment: Relationships with Funding Sources: Cash Revenues: Area Agency on Aging depends on funds coming from state and local funds. Funds are filtered down from the national level and then distributed throughout the sta te for the Rio Grande Branch the break-down of funds was as followed: Ill-B Supportive service- $420,000 Ill-c Nutrition servtce-$Ill-E Caregiver- S For a Total -$ Vivian also informed us that on top of the budget that they have for the fiscal year they also get funds from the local level and some contribution but they are normally a minimal amount. Vivian also revealed to us that the numbers she gave us were numbers from this year and the fiscal year had ended already and are waiting for their new budget but will not receive those numbers until January 2014. Area Agency on Aging, Vivian Moreno) Noncash revenues: The agency does use volunteers especially for their Foster

Mkt 402 Exam

Question 1 6 out of 6 points Proactive pricing suggests that _____. Answer Selected Answer: a company develops strategies to maintain profitability in anticipation of a changing market Correct Answer: a company develops strategies to maintain profitability in anticipation of a changing market Question 2 6 out of 6 points Which of the following is the simplest price structure? Answer Selected Answer: price per unit Correct Answer: price per unit Question 3 6 out of 6 points ____ allows a company to vary its prices outside the scope of value and cost according to explicit or cultural rules or protocols. Answer Selected Answer: Pricing policy Correct Answer: Pricing policy Question 4 6 out of 6 points Pricing that reflects market conditions is _____. Answer Selected Answer: customer-driven pricing Correct Answer: customer-driven pricing Question 5 6 out of 6 points Price-cutting is one strategy of share-driven pricing to achieve sales objectives but _____. Answer Selected Answer: it doesn't sustain a long term market advantage unless competitors cannot match the price cut Correct Answer: it doesn't sustain a long term market advantage unless competitors cannot match the price cut Question 6 6 out of 6 points Cost-plus pricing is effectively opposite of a prudent pricing strategy because _____. Answer Selected Answer: it leads to overpricing in weak markets and underpricing in strong markets Correct Answer: it leads to overpricing in weak markets and underpricing in strong markets Question 7 6 out of 6 points _____ pricing suggests that prices should reflect the value a customer receives from a product or service. Answer Selected Answer: Value-based Correct Answer: Value-based Question 8 0 out of 6 points Marketing research is the key to creating good value because _____. Answer Selected Answer: it compares willingness-to-pay against the cost of producing the product Correct Answer: it analyzes how much value different combinations of benefits could represent to cutomers Question 9 6 out of 6 points A company that is willing to be a smaller company in order to be profitable is employing the _____ principle of strategic pricing. Answer Selected Answer: profit-driven Correct Answer: profit-driven Question 10 6 out of 6 points A _____ company focuses pricing to increase revenue relative to other investments rather than as a comparison to competitors earnings. Answer Selected Answer: profit-driven Correct Answer: profit-driven

Issues in International Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Issues in International Management - Essay Example Concerning this aspect, the framework incorporates two vital aspects i.e. global integration of the value chain activities and manufacturing of products along with processes in correspondence with the needs of the local market (Cieri & et. al., 2005). In accordance with the context of IHRM, certain prevalent issues can be apparently observed that entail cultural diversity, people management and employee relation among others (Taylor, 2007). Keeping up with these issues, this essay intends to discuss about the various structures being followed by the MNCs/MNEs in order to mitigate the global challenges associated with the applicability of the IHRM. The essay will further discuss upon the IHRM designs been adopted by MNCs and the benefits associated with the structure being framed. Apart from this, the essay will also discuss about various strategies that pursue by the MNEs for global development. According to Howard Perlmutter’s theory, three patterns of MNCs can be reflected. In this regard, ethnocentric orientation reflects about the management intentions in employing national employees rather than non-native employees. In this respect, the management has the perception that the internal employees are capable of handling operations along with the issues pertaining to the international level. One of the advantages of such orientation is that the valued position is being occupied by the talented nationals rather than the external employees. Apart from this advantage, one of the drawbacks associated with this model is that the MNEs get deprive of practicing diversified culture. Furthermore, the MNEs also get deprive of knowledge from the external source, thereby facing the challenge of international short sightedness. This might create hurdle in mitigating the required global demands (Perlmutter, 2010). One such MNC, which can be apparently observed to comply with ethn ocentric orientation in the form of practicing diversified culture, is Hong Kong

Firm's Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Firm's - Essay Example This is an important figure to know because from this, the revenue price for each product can be calculated. The formula is shown below: To determine Average Total Cost, we need to add the Total Fixed Cost to the above equation. The Total Variable Cost and Total Fixed Cost are summed together and divided by the units of output per day. This figure is another important number to know because it can be added together with the Average Variable Cost to determine the cost per unit. In this case, it would be $49 ($22+$27). The formula for Average Total Cost is displayed below: To find out Worker Productivity, we simply take the units of output per day and divide it by the number of workers. This will give us the number of units that each worker produces each day. This formula is shown below: Both sets of calculations have the firm’s output price at $25 and the Average Variable Cost at $22. The difference is in the Average Total Cost. The first scenario has ATC at $27, while the second scenario has an ATC of $37. However, in both of these cases, the AVC is lower that the output price. Because of this, the firm should not be shut down immediately in either case. In terms of break-even numbers, we need to divide the total loss by the daily wage of each worker. For the first example, the $400,000 loss would be divided by $80 per worker (400,000/80), which equals 5,000 workers. If 5,000 workers were laid off, it would leave a workforce of 45,000. If we assume that production remains steady at 200,000 units per day, this means that Worker Productivity would have to increase from 4 units per day to 4.4 units per day (200,000/45,000). The second case would have a loss of $2,400,000 divided by $80 per worker (2,400,000/80), which would result in a loss of 30,000 workers, leaving the workforce at 20,000 workers. If we assume that production output (200,000 units) remains the same, then each worker would have to produce 10 units per

Separation of Powers Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Separation of Powers - Essay Example the courts of law, according to the recognized and established laws. The separation of powers of the varied aspects of the state that are the legislature, executive and the judiciary is the strongest possible safeguard against the concentration of power and authority in any one single pillar of the British democracy. The separation of powers is also the best possible protection against the possibility of misuse or manipulation of power by specific individuals, groups or institutions for achieving vested interests and gains, to the detriment of the will of the citizens.2 However, realistically speaking, the separation of the powers in Britain is at the best partial and the British state suffers from a blatant overlapping of powers in between the executive, legislature and the judiciary. Much needs to be done before the UK has a satisfactory separation of powers. Separation of Powers: The Concept In a specifically democratic context, the primary role of the varied instruments of state is to protect the rights of the citizens. However, history is replete with examples and instances when the governments went despotic, when the legislature became all powerful and when the judiciary turned corrupt. So, since the dawn of the Western civilization, the political thinkers and philosophers have tried their best to come out with measures and instruments aimed at preventing the pillars of the state power going awry. The concept of separation of powers is actually a model of state governance, in which the authority of the state is segmented into varied branches, with each branch being allocated disparate areas of responsibility and the associated and requisite powers, with no branch enjoying a power greater than any other branch.3 Here, the independence of one branch from other comes with multiple meanings.4 Either it may mean that the selection of each and every branch is independent of other branches or that no branch is dependent on any other branch for its existence. Tra ditionally speaking, the UK being a parliamentary democracy has been more prone to the fusion of powers. This tendency makes the United Kingdom vulnerable to interference by one aspect of the state into the area of authority of the other. A rather more intimidating possibility is collusion between varied aspects of the state. Separation of Powers: Philosophical Background Separation of powers is a concept that has attracted the attention of academicians, philosophers, architects of constitutions, political thinkers and scientists since ages. In a UK specific context, the debate on the separation of powers has mostly hovered around the possibility as to whether the UK’s un-codified constitution is based on the doctrine of separation of powers, in theory and in practice? It is next to impossible to pinpoint the exact genesis of the doctrine of separation of powers. An analysis of the writings of Greek thinkers, say Aristotle, point towards a preliminary version of the doctrine of the separation of powers. In Politics, Aristotle classifies the elements of the state authority, that are deliberative, which meditate and ponder on the issues of common importance, the officials, which practically run the affairs of the state and the judicial, responsible for dispensing

Privacy and Confidentiality of Client Health Information Research Paper - 1

Privacy and Confidentiality of Client Health Information - Research Paper Example Medical practitioners, be they nurses, doctors or health information managers are obligated both legally and ethically to safeguard a client’s health information from any undue influence or unauthorized parties as stated by Acker et al. (2007). The primary means through which boundaries are maintained, a trust created and client-caregiver relationship built is by considering the rights bestowed on the client and respecting them. This client right to privacy stipulates that they should control how their health information is collected, utilized and revealed. It is important to note that even health organizations have limited rights to client’s information more so regarding how it should be disclosed. This lays huge task on health information managers to ensure that such right is not misused. The most common case when this right is utilized is when the medical team shares health information in order to facilitate delivery of health care to the patient. A typical scenario is where a doctor explains the patient’s actual condition and the reason for certain medication to nurses attending to a particular patient (Sanbar, 2007). Such sharing cannot be deemed to be breaching the client’s right to control disclosure as nurses need to be informed so as to efficiently and effectively deliver health care. The following is the specific information that one needs to know in regards to client information, its confidentiality, access, disclosure and special considerations. Conversations form the easiest way by which client’s health information is disseminated. As such it is an easy means through which the same leaks to unauthorized parties. It is therefore paramount for anybody to be aware of their environment before initializing conversations regarding confidential information about a client. This will definitely avoid people from overhearing such information. Contrary to popular belief, withholding just the name is insufficient to uphold confidentiality (Pozgar, 2008).

Critically evaluate the concepts of the uncovered interest parity and Essay

Critically evaluate the concepts of the uncovered interest parity and covered interest parity conditions in explaining changes in exchanges rates. Discuss their - Essay Example The principal function of FEM is the transfer of funds or purchasing power from one country or currency to another. When we consider exchange rate determination, the factors that significantly concern time dependence, become extremely important. It is somewhat reflected in the interest rates which themselves are prices of present-future substitution (abstinence); this influences savings, consumption, demand for goods, and so, money (both domestic and foreign) and hence the related prices. Thus exchange rate being a price of foreign currency in terms of the domestic currency, becomes influenced by interest rate and inflation over time. The sections below are titled along sub-themes with a critical note at the concluding section. As stated above, the exchange rate is in turn governed by a currency's interest rate and hence the question of parity and differentials become extremely important. Interest rate parity is said to occur when deposits of all currencies offer the same expected return. Two types of such parity have been envisaged in the literature Covered and uncovered that we discuss below. In the floating exchange rates regime exchange rates are market determined. Since Early Mundell-Flemming days (i.e. early nineteen sixties), it has been established that the degree of capital mobility is crucial in determining the open economy macroeconomics of participating countries. In this context when perfect international capital mobility occurs, bonds that are free of default risk domestically become free of default risk internationally also. With capital mobility of this degree, domestic bonds become perfect substitutes of foreign bonds on which forward cover has been taken and arbitrage brings about equality between domestic interest rate i and foreign interest rate i* plus the forward premium on foreign exchange 'f '.This is covered interest rate parity (cip) given by : i = i* + f (1) 2.2 Uncovered Interest Parity A stronger definition of capital mobility incorporates additional criterion that attitude towards exchange risk be taken as risk neutrality because that is nearly common among investors and exchange risk is perfectly diversifiable. In that case speculation turns the forward premium into equality with the expected rate of appreciation of the foreign currency: f = [(Et+1 - Et) / Et]e (2) where E is the exchange rate that the price of the foreign currency in terms of domestic currency (superscript e refers to expected status of the associated variable).Then equation (1) changes into i = i* + [(Et+1 - Et) / Et]e (3) This is the condition known as uncovered interest parity (uip). 3. Relationship between Covered and Uncovered Interest Parity In the case of perfect foresight and perfect capital mobility the two conditions will be the same. The relationship between the two lies in the characteristic of future expectation orientation of the uip that one does not take care of in the perfect capital mobility, perfect information and perfectly rational expectations. Form empirical standpoint,

Theories of Democracy - Against Human Rights Essay - 2

Theories of Democracy - Against Human Rights - Essay Example Even wars on the basis of humanitarian grounds should be avoided to prevent loss of lives and the absence of cultural relativism in some of the nations that are known to endure the set ideas and principles of different regions. According to Ã… ½iÃ… ¾ek, human rights are defined as exercising the freedom to choose any given thing without violating the freedom rights of others, even if it means defying war. Interestingly, Ã… ½iÃ… ¾ek is supportive of humanitarian interventions only so far as they are found protecting and assisting human life. Even though he is not very excited about humanitarian interference in general, he feels that such interventions should be safeguarded. Irrespective of the beliefs of the people in a particular nation, their lives must be protected and supported in terms of its concepts and standards. A true democracy will always stand out in its ability to defend its citizens. Freedom and Democracy are significant rights, mentioned by the writer, should be implemented even at home in a nation that supports such rights. It is important to note that there is nothing universal about â€Å"right.† There is more than one way to getting things done and this is evident in the varied cultural perspectives, distinct world features, unique rituals and cultural identifications. Ã… ½iÃ… ¾ek points out that it is wrong to overlook the differences unique to varied races. A lot of unrest and conflicts in the world arise when nations try to impose their way of acting on other nations and this, in turn, produces war rather than peace. Intolerance towards other people’s viewpoints is the main damaging force that corrupts nations.  

Soldiers Home written by Ernest Hemingway Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Soldiers Home written by Ernest Hemingway - Essay Example Hemingway depicts a conflict revealing how society is demanding conformity from such struggling souls who fail to fit in the mold of that culture. The story takes a unique form as Hemingway sets it out for Harold Krebs who returns from World War I having lost all his possessions. It is his hometown which receives him with an odd expression, the community wondering why he returned so late. This dark picture of the society demanding and expecting Krebs to return to normal life reflects the cruelty and uncompassionate attitude towards the soldier. People expect him to glorify the experience of war, something that he did not even come close enough to experience. His familiarity with the war was as gruesome as for the other soldiers but, unfortunately, the community had already heard so many such stories that they refused to listen to his part. On his return home, Krebs already feared the stagnant life of his small hometown in America. Apparently, his father drove the same car but the onl y difference he could see was in the grown up and modern girls. Caught between the wishes of his pious mother and materialistic father, he induced self paralysis in him, an act he could not avoid because he could not adjust himself with the people around him. He wished for a simple life. But he has even gone in doubt about his relationship with God. When his mother asks him to look for a job for himself and says â€Å"There can be no idle hands in His Kingdom†, Krebs replies, â€Å"I’m not in His Kingdom† (Hemingway 351). According to Hemingway, Krebs is now just an observer and not the participant of his life. He does not feel the need to conform to the rules of the town such as courting a girl and settling down. He has no feelings for women. This depicts the negative connotations Hemingway hints at in the style of the story in which it is written. Surprisingly, Hemingway does not state whether it is good for Krebs or bad that he remains indifferent to the soci ety’s needs but ultimately gives in. Its demand for him not to change but remain who he was is very pressurizing for any human being leave alone an affected soldier who wishes to narrate his war experience to the people. When he does not get the right kind of attention he deserves, he is compelled to read books about war in which he had participated. He tries to comprehend his own experience by reading about the war. He has lost his natural experience which he did encounter during the wartimes as Hemingway states, â€Å"The times so long back when he had done the one thing, the only thing for a man to do, easily and naturally, when he might have done something else, now lost their cool, valuable quality and then were lost themselves† (Hemingway 348). When all is lost in a soldier’s life, there is nothing to give back but one’s own significant self. Krebs’ life is not destructive but people’s behavior has made it look like he will have to sec lude himself from the society if he resists the change they demand from him. His mother’s prayers for him and love for him signify a mother’s natural instinct; she is helpless in the hands of her husband and the people that surround them. She has become a typical woman of the era who would ask her son to do what the other boys his age are doing. He realizes

African Americans in Pop Culture Essay Example for Free

African Americans in Pop Culture Essay African Americans have had an incredible lasting impression on popular culture. African American singers, artists, entrepreneurs, athletes and actors have all had their say and have really stood out within the past few years. Theyve also grown and not grown in different ways all around from music, to television, to movies. African American stereotypes still exist in all aspects of pop culture, while many are trying to get away from what audiences assume is the typical black person. African Americans have been fighting for and against their own stereotypes when they started breaking out into music, then branching out into television, and making it big in the film industry. Theyve gone from being the dumb, uneducated, and underprivileged minority of America, and have started to make themselves more known as gang bangers and thugs, which are often seen as heroes in popular culture. African Americans havent only made a name for themselves or left a footprint in only their culture, but in American culture all around. African Americans have been making their mark in music all throughout history. Many started with the jazz and bebop rebellion during the 1940s and 50s in Detroit. They made their point by trying to be different. They didnt want to follow the typical white, swing music criteria, and thats exactly what happened. Bebop wasnt so mainstream, and thats what made it their own. They preferred small, unique combos to play instead of big named stars in the music industry. Detroit was shedding light on the working class people of the town and wanted to really make a sound for them. â€Å"The 1940s created an â€Å"afro-modernism,† a response to the urbanization, industrialization, and modernization of African American Culture. † Because of their movement ahead in music, they also made their movement in business. And so emerged an incredibly successful, black capitalist enterprise, Motown Records, founded by Barry Gordy. Along with the movement in Detroit, the Harlem Renaissance had happened even before all the rage for jazz and bebop, which raised awareness to the visual arts, which led to even more developments in music. And even earlier at the beginning of the 20th century, blacks were starting to be accepted into acclaimed schools to study music and they were allowed to join the base of white people in symphony orchestras. During the 50s, doo-wop and soul music became popular. Thats when legends like Ray Charles emerged and paved the way for others. Soul music remained popular among blacks for long after the pop sounds started to wave through. By the end of the decade and moving into the 70s, blacks were starting to crossover into the typical white music trends. Psychadelic music had become popular. Jimi Hendrix, along his wah-wah pedal innovation, became one of the most popular guitarists during the era. Right after that, soul had become the popular music in the black community and was starting to revolutionize African-American music. Soul had continued success in popularity during the 70s, but the 70s also brought along a rise in black bands. White people were listening to country, disco, and all sorts of rock music, while the African-Americans had their funk, pop, soul, and jazz music that was on a totally different spectrum from their white counterparts. The 70s was also when Djs started mixing their own beats and playing their funk records the way they wanted to so they could get their audience to dance. And with the beats produced by Djs along with the poets who would read their poems to those beats, came the emergence of hip hop music. The era of hip hop music was a new revolution in African American popular culture.

My favourite subject Essay Example for Free

My favourite subject Essay My favourite subject in school is English. It is quite easy and pleasant to study it. English is used in each field of life and it is useful to know it. Most of web sides are in English. It is nice to be able to use such a sides like yahoo, msn and english Wikipedia. I can get a lot of information and news, which are not available on polish sides. Next plus: I can use english books and magazines. Sometimes I like to download e-books and magazines in pdf. It is effectively way to study English in home. Using English I can communicate with many peoples. I can use Skype and ICQ to talk and chat and get new contacts. I can use many applications and play games. I have used Windows XP and Office for two months and it was quite easy. Most of movies are in English. I like to watch them without subtitles. If I can I always switch the polish dubbing off ? I hate it. The last advantage to know English is I can talk with all people talking English. This holidays when I was in Gdańsk somebody asked all people: Do you speak English Everybody talked No and Nie wiem o co chodzi. When she came to me and asked the question Do you speak English I could say ?Yes, how can I help you She told ?How can I get to the bus station I told ?Can you see this building? The station is behind it. Please go this way?. She smiled to me and walked away. I was happy that I could help. As you can see English is useful in life. All of us study it in everyday situations and activities. The language is quite simple and logic. I use it all the time. This is why I like English and it is my favourite subject in school.

Business Empowerment Using ICT In Poultry Farming Commerce Essay

Business Empowerment Using ICT In Poultry Farming Commerce Essay This study investigates factors affecting poultry farmers in Fufore Local Government area of Adamawa State, Nigeria. It also discusses ways through which these farmers can be empowered through the use of ICT. In this research, mixed research methods were adopted in obtaining the data that was used; this includes the quantitative and qualitative research methods. The study discovered that a general support to build up the poultry production is necessary in the area of ICT and business to empower their businesses. This is necessary for extensive improvements in the contribution of the project to domestic production and economic well being of poor farmers. Also this research demonstrates that the implication of high degree ICT may have extremely excellent effects on empowering business to the Rural Farmers and also increase their economic development, by providing the poultry farmers with well access to ICT, to enhance their business to greater and better general and global markets. Introduction Poultry farming is one of the major forms of Agriculture practiced in Nigeria and many other countries in the world. It provides employment with high income to many both in the rural and urban places. For example, the United States, The average net income of poultry farmers can vary from $13,900 per year to $20,000 or more per year. (Poultry Farmer Job Description, 2010). Apart from this, poultry farming also contributes to the gross domestic product GDP of many countries. Based on the research we conducted, we found out that poultry generates about 27% of the livestock share contribution to Nigerians gross domestic product (GDP). Poultry Eggs and meat contribution of the livestock share of the GDP increased from 26% to 27% in 1999 (Ojo, 2003). Based on this statistics and the neglect of poultry farming by the Nigerians Government especially in the rural areas, we intend to show the rural poultry farmers how they can empower their poultry business by using ICT and some of the recent technological devices. In this paper, we will be focusing our research on a rural part of Adamawa State know as Fufore Local Government Area. Fufore is a small town (a local government) located in the southern part of Adamawa State. The town is mostly dominated by the Fulani tribe of Adamawa state. Majority of them are into cattle rearing and poultry farming while a few of them are into farming. The main aim of this research is to introduce ICT to these rural people and show them ways they can use it to improve their business. Fufore poultry famers The poultry famers of this region (Fufore) are practicing the kind of poultry farming know as the backyard poultry farming. In this kind of backyard poultry farming, they rear their poultry chicken in the backyard space of their house instead of putting them in a chicken coop. A chicken coop is a structure where live chickens are kept either on a chicken homestead or, in our case, a backyard chicken farm (My Back Yard Chicken farm 2007). The kind of poultry farming practiced by these people has so many disadvantages, because in our opinion, the most important aspect of poultry farming is the housing. This is because poultry chickens are fragile and they easily get infected by diseases, harsh weather e.t.c which ends up killing many of the chickens if not wipe up the entire poultry. To avoid this, it is expected that the chickens are kept in an isolated place that is clean and well protected. A chicken house is not only designed as a place for keeping chickens or shelter for your hens to lay their chicken eggs, but for protection as well. Protecting your chickens from cold drafts or other sorts of poor weather should be your #1 concern when building your first chicken coop. (My Back Yard Chicken farm 2007). Methodology Mixed research method is used in this research, both quantitative and qualitative. Hence using survey data was collected from poultry farmers where some also practiced aquaculture residing in rural areas of Adamawa state, Nigeria. The population consists of rural dwellers and most of its inhabitants depend on subsistence poultry farming, crop production, and animal herding. The word rural can be defined as places with low level of services (e.g transport, water, and medical services), non-urban settlements (such as Fufore villages) and a very high incidence of poverty ( IJEDICT, 2008). Geographically, the Fufore areas utilize both raining rainy season and dry season utilizing the river bank of Benue. It is purely a domestic food producing community. Interviews with some elders in the community show all tribes have their own pattern of traditional industries. There are lots of tribes such as Bata, Verre, Laka and Pere and the largest the Fulani tribes all largely professing the Islamic faith. Some of their local industries include, stools, mortals, pestles, hoe handles, axe handles, axe, hoe etc (Ayaga: 2009). Using structured questionnaire to interview the respondents who are poultry farmers. In some situation where our respondents cannot understand English, their native language namely Fulani was used as medium of communication. This present finding on Which poultry farming resources are used by rural poultry farmers? Which ICT resources are used by rural poultry farmers and why? How do ICTs enhance rural poultry farmers and quality of life? What problems those poultry farmers experience when accessing and using ICTs. Profile of Respondents Respondents were between the ages of 20 40 yrs. The respondents were asked questions that sought to determine personal information with regard to their field of occupation, education. These were questions common to the rural environment. Table of ICTs used by rural people {n=10} to access educational, business/trade, health, poultry farming. Table Shows use and availability of ICTs in the rural areas of Fufore district ICTs Education of poultry farming Business of Poultry farm Health of poultry Radio 77% 88% 65% Television 38% 21% 19% Films 15% 13% 7% Cell-phone 5% 8% 2% Telephone 1% Video Computer/internet 1% Respondents felt that ICTs were too costly or entirely unavailable. ICTs particularly the radio and TV are what the often see and sometimes use to listen to current affairs and music which highly enrich their lives. In this rural area computer/internet and mobile phone is hardly seen or available in this area. Most likely only the community chief can afford computer/internet or mobile phone. Major Challenges Faced by Fufore Poultry Farmers The poultry farmers in this region are faced with a lot of problems ranging from technological to housing. Some of these problems includes: Lack of conducive atmosphere for poultry (coop), Lack of efficient machineries for the poultry, lack of proper maintenance of the poultry, lack of efficient medication for the chickens. Lack of efficient machineries Based on our research, we found out that these farmers not only do not use machineries for their poultry, but they dont even know about these machineries not to think of using them. With the aid to ICT, we will be able to introduce these poultry farmers to some of the machineries that will help promote their poultry business. An example of machinery that is used for poultry is the egg incubator. The egg incubator comprises a transparent chamber and the equipment that regulates its temperature,  humidity, and ventilation. For years, the principle uses for the controlled environment provided by egg incubators is used for hatching poultry  eggs (Frank 1991). The first incubators were used in ancient China and Egypt, where they consisted of fire-heated rooms in which fertilized chicken eggs were placed to hatch, thereby freeing the hens to continue laying eggs. Later, wood stoves and alcohol lamps were used to heat incubators. Today, poultry incubators are large rooms, electrically h eated to maintain temperatures between 99.5 and 100 degrees Fahrenheit (37.5 and 37.8 degrees Celsius). Fans are used to circulate the heated air evenly over the eggs, and the rooms humidity is set at about 60 percent to minimize the evaporation  of water from the eggs. In addition, outside air is pumped into the  incubator  to maintain a constant oxygen level of 21 percent, which is normal for fresh air. As many as 100,000 eggs may be nurtured in a large commercial incubator at one time, and all are rotated a minimum of 8 times a day throughout the 21-day  incubation period (Frank 1991). With recent technology, there are small egg incubators that fit up to 30 eggs and cost ranging from $49.95 dollars. These incubators are cheap and with the aid of these incubators, the rural fufore poultry famers will be able to hatch the eggs of their chickens. By so doing, they will save a lot of cost buying chicks. An example of this kind of incubator can be seen below. Lack of proper housing for poultry The poultry farmers around here lack proper housing for their chickens. Instead of caging the chickens in an isolated area to prevent them from getting infected by some diseases and also to help insure their safety from animals like cats and dogs, they simply allow them to roam about in the backyard during the day. At night, they lock them up in a room where they spend the night. In order words, the chickens are only allowed to feed in the day time. All this is because they lack a proper housing because, in a well organized and standard poultry farm, they chickens feed day and night with the aid of light at night. This makes them get mature on time and also insure more productivity. Lack of Medications Medication is an important aspect of poultry; this is because poultry chickens are fragile and easily gets infected by germs and diseases. Based on our research, we found out that poultry disease is one of the major difficulty those farmers are facing. According to one of them named Musa, we lack medicines for these chickens and because of this, when one of the chickens is affected the others also follow suit and without proper medication which we lack, it results to the death of many (Musa, 2010). Lack of skills for poultry management The poultry farmers here lack the basic skills of managing and running a poultry farm. The farmers simply concentrate on the eggs that the chickens produce, and nothing else. They depend on those eggs as the major and only source of their poultry income meanwhile; the eggs are just one of the sources of income of a poultry. With the aid of ICT, we will be able to show these people some ways they can make money out of the poultry farm apart from the sales of eggs. Some of these include: slaughtering the old less productive chickens and supplying the meat to an organization like the American University of Nigeria or fast food like Yahaya Restaurant. Using their remains as manure on their farms or selling them to the farmers e.t.c Proposed Model Given an increasing digital divide, we need to ensure that the benefits of new technologies, especially ICT, are available to all. (UN: 2000). To achieve this and empower poultry farmers on the use of ICT, the government should do the following Establish Telecentres (Information Access Centers). Telecentres will provide poultry farmers information services on in the area of health of poultry, efficient poultry farming techniques, pest management, possible poultry business activities and market price information as well as skills training. The use of Telecentres should be free. The description includes the multipurpose community centre whose aim to demonstrate how to use technology for Poultry farming. The telecenters carry web-sourced information made available through various media such projectors, televisions, radio. Telecentres should have a website that has links to other websites which carry rich content on Poultry farming techniques, pest management, possible poultry business activities and market price information. Village telecenters should be equipped with computers with Internet capability, fax machines, telephones, televisions, VCRs and various printed materials. The village telecenters should also be network-linked with those established in other neighboring rura l telecentres; this will facilitate the exchange of experiences, information, and advertisement of community produce. Telecentres should provide services like voice telephony to fax, Internet and videoconferencing services to rural poultry farmers.. Telecentre requires the involvement of various institutions for the information processing and dissemination activities. Telecentres will also enlighten the rural dwellers of Fufore on information on basic government services such as health care, information for farmers and other essential support services in rural areas which the inhabitants are interested thus increase the use of ICT. Telecentres staffs should be well trained and have the eager and potential to learn in order to help rural poultry farmers who cannot read and write to get the appropriate information they need. Public call offices/public pay phones The government should install public pay phones or public call offices in rural area of Fufore. This will improve both connectivity and accessibility in rural Fufore by providing various levels and types of public ICT opportunities in the area. The objective is to provide information about poultry farming, e-commerce, ensure financial sustainability and bringing benefits directly to the local poultry farmers. Advantages of ICT to Poultry farmers in the rural areas Better Access to price information of Poultry products: With the use of ICT poultry farmers can be aware best prices of their products. Poultry Farmers in rural areas such as fufore are often found to be unaware of the value of their Poultry products ( e.g eggs, chickens ) markets. Poultry farmers often find themselves in a poor negotiating position with customers in the price of chickens and feeds, which farmers pay an inflated price for. Farmers are unaware of opportunities within their surrounding regions: for example which poultry breeds and commodities are fetching higher prices in surrounding towns; which products are in high demand, and so on. Accurate information on market standards can help the farmers in their cash returns. Better Access to national and international Markets. It is important to work towards increasing the level of access of information farmers have to potential markets, to facilitate contact between sellers and buyers, promote agricultural exports, facilitate online trading, and make producers aware of potential market opportunities including consumer and price trends in international markets. Greater access to poultry and agricultural information: Local farmers with the use if ICT will be educated concerning better practices in poultry farming, such as access information about poultry health thereby reducing disease of chickens(e.g Newcastle disease). And also to bridge the gap between information needs of farmers and the information provided, which is insufficiently localized and overly scientific in its presentation. With access to poultry farming/ agricultural information will give farmers greater awareness about new adapting techniques on droughts, changing weather, diseases and pests and hence increase their production efficiency. Conclusion This empowerment will go a long way in changing the lives of not only Fufore poultry farmers, but it will serve as enlightenment to as many Rural Poultry farmers as possible. If adopted, it will perceive an improvement in their income, social status; get greater sense of confidence in poultry business. ICT will ensure the provision of the following to the rural dwellers: Employment, improved market access, improved negotiation position, change in their levels of income, improved levels of cooperation, improved access to information about efficiency and production methods, improved infrastructure/connectivity in the rural areas and access to price information among others.

Lead Toxicity in Children Essay -- Lead Poisoning Health Medical Essay

Lead Toxicity in Children Lead poisoning in children was first discovered in 1890 in Queensland, Australia. The lead source was not identified until 1904, when a researcher traced it to the paint used on railings and verandahs. The first discovery of lead poisoning in the United States (with a traceable source) was in 1914; the child had chewed the paint off of his crib. At this time they linked lead poisoning as a cause of convulsions in children. As research progressed and more children were found with high lead levels, symptoms caused by lead were expanded to include lead meningitis, acute encephalopathy, intellectual dullness, reduced consciousness, seizures, comas, and death (Chisholm, 1982). Lead is a metal found virtually everywhere even today. Sources of lead include auto body shops, electric storage batteries, glazes for china dishes, crockery, insecticides, electric cable insulation, hose, pipe, sheet and floor coverings. Lead is associated with stain glass work, jewelry making and antique ceramic doll painting. Although lead in paint was outlawed, there are still many homes that have lead paint (White et al, 1990). Lead found in gasoline was found in one study to account for 23--27% of the lead blood levels in the people tested (Wagner, 1991). This exposure to lead sources is more of a concern for children due to the characteristic habit of children to taste everything they touch; this characteristic is known as pica. Children are also in closer contact with their lead polluted environment during play. They are more active and exposed to outdoor contaminates and they inhale dust and dirt that are lead contaminated. Furthermore, the adsorption rate of lead in the dig estive tract is up to 10 times greater in chil... ...inical to Subtle Health Effects. Environmental Health Perspectives, Vol. 86, 1990, pp.177-181. Markowitz, M. and Rosen, J. Need for the Lead Mobilization Test in Children with Lead Poisoning. The Journal of Pediatrics. Vol. 119, No. 2, August 1991, pp. 305-310. McCabe Jr., M. and Lawrence, D. Lead, A Major Environmental Pollutant, Is Immunomodulatory by Its Differential Effects on CD4+ T Cell Subsets. Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology, Vol. 111, 1991, pp. 13-23. Singhal, R. L., and Thomas, J. A. Lead Toxicity. Urban and Schwarzenberg, Baltimore-Munich, 1980. Wagner, H. M. Recent Trends In Human Lead Exposure. New Horizons in Biological Dosimetry, 1991, pp. 179-186. White, R., Feldman, R., and Travers, P. Neurobehavioral Effects of Toxicity Due to Metals, Solvents, and Insecticides. Clinical Neuropharmacology, Vol. 13, No. 5, 1990, pp. 392-412. Lead Toxicity in Children Essay -- Lead Poisoning Health Medical Essay Lead Toxicity in Children Lead poisoning in children was first discovered in 1890 in Queensland, Australia. The lead source was not identified until 1904, when a researcher traced it to the paint used on railings and verandahs. The first discovery of lead poisoning in the United States (with a traceable source) was in 1914; the child had chewed the paint off of his crib. At this time they linked lead poisoning as a cause of convulsions in children. As research progressed and more children were found with high lead levels, symptoms caused by lead were expanded to include lead meningitis, acute encephalopathy, intellectual dullness, reduced consciousness, seizures, comas, and death (Chisholm, 1982). Lead is a metal found virtually everywhere even today. Sources of lead include auto body shops, electric storage batteries, glazes for china dishes, crockery, insecticides, electric cable insulation, hose, pipe, sheet and floor coverings. Lead is associated with stain glass work, jewelry making and antique ceramic doll painting. Although lead in paint was outlawed, there are still many homes that have lead paint (White et al, 1990). Lead found in gasoline was found in one study to account for 23--27% of the lead blood levels in the people tested (Wagner, 1991). This exposure to lead sources is more of a concern for children due to the characteristic habit of children to taste everything they touch; this characteristic is known as pica. Children are also in closer contact with their lead polluted environment during play. They are more active and exposed to outdoor contaminates and they inhale dust and dirt that are lead contaminated. Furthermore, the adsorption rate of lead in the dig estive tract is up to 10 times greater in chil... ...inical to Subtle Health Effects. Environmental Health Perspectives, Vol. 86, 1990, pp.177-181. Markowitz, M. and Rosen, J. Need for the Lead Mobilization Test in Children with Lead Poisoning. The Journal of Pediatrics. Vol. 119, No. 2, August 1991, pp. 305-310. McCabe Jr., M. and Lawrence, D. Lead, A Major Environmental Pollutant, Is Immunomodulatory by Its Differential Effects on CD4+ T Cell Subsets. Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology, Vol. 111, 1991, pp. 13-23. Singhal, R. L., and Thomas, J. A. Lead Toxicity. Urban and Schwarzenberg, Baltimore-Munich, 1980. Wagner, H. M. Recent Trends In Human Lead Exposure. New Horizons in Biological Dosimetry, 1991, pp. 179-186. White, R., Feldman, R., and Travers, P. Neurobehavioral Effects of Toxicity Due to Metals, Solvents, and Insecticides. Clinical Neuropharmacology, Vol. 13, No. 5, 1990, pp. 392-412.

binge drinking Essay -- essays research papers fc

What Causes Binge Drinking   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Binge Drinking is an intriguing phenomenon that many college students take part in all across the country. The issue of binge drinking has been a problem on college campuses for decades. Binge drinking has many horrible effects, but the problem starts with the causes for it. If the causes could be controlled then the issue would not get out of hand. Many college students give different causes for their drinking problems, and experts on the subject have their explanations as well. The problem is, while growing through adolescence anything can become an excuse for drinking, such as  ¡Ã‚ §its Thursday the day before Friday, we need to drink ¡Ã‚ ¨ or,  ¡Ã‚ §it ¡Ã‚ ¦s the last Wednesday of the semester, lets get some beer. ¡Ã‚ ¨   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Binge drinking has different definitions but many would agree that  ¡Ã‚ §Binge drinking has been defined as drinking more than 4-5 drinks in a row in one sitting. A drink is defined as a 12 ounce can or bottle of beer, a wine cooler, a four ounce glass of wine, or a shot of liquor ¡Ã‚ ¨ (Rhodes 1). Others believe that men who consume 5-6 drinks and women who consume 4-5 drinks are also considered Binge Drinkers. Personally I do not think that sex matters, if someone is consuming multiple drinks to become highly intoxicated they should be considered a Binge Drinker.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  One article that covers the results of a national survey states that  ¡Ã‚ §Adolescents ¡Ã‚ ¦ levels of alcohol and drug use have been found to be strongly associated with peers ¡Ã‚ ¦ use. However, other studies have shown that a student ¡Ã‚ ¦s drinking was more strongly influenced by how much he or she thought close friends drank than by perceptions of the extent of use by students in general ¡Ã‚ ¨(Results 2). This is a statement that I can agree with because growing up I have watched many young people become greatly influenced by their friends. Now a days the phrase  ¡Ã‚ §peer pressure ¡Ã‚ ¨ concentrates on pressure from a direct group of friends rather than a students peers as a whole. Another reason the article gives for the cause of Binge Drinking is that  ¡Ã‚ §Students who perceive that more drinking occurs than actually does provide themselves with an excuse for drinking more because  ¡Ã‚ ¥everyone is doing it ¡Ã‚ ¦Ã‚ ¡Ã‚ ¨ (Results 2). E veryone knows that most youngsters want what every other kid has, this idea relates in the... ...nge drinking. Almost anything can become a cause for binge drinking. There are things that directly lead to drinking problems such as depression but most of the causes for it are just any old excuse. If I had to decide on main causes for binge drinking they would be depression and simple excuses that give students a reason to drink. People that are depressed usually have thoughts of giving up on life, so by drinking they are just easing their pain. Most of the binge drinking that goes on in college is because students feel that they are supposed to drink, its a college tradition in a way. This is why students will use any excuse they can to drink. Works Cited Anxiety and Binge Drinking. 30 Oct. 2000. Houser, Regan. Message in a Bottle. 30 Oct. 2000. Prevention Primer: Binge Drinking. 30 Oct.2000. Wechsler, Henry and Kuo, Meichun. College Students Define Binge Drinking and Estimate Its Prevalence: Results of a National Survey. EBSCO Publishing 29 Oct. 2000

Women in Shakespeares Sonnet 130 Essay -- Sonnet 130 Shakespeare Wome

Women in Shakespeare's Sonnet 130 Shakespeare is expressing, though not in the first person, that he knows women are not the perfect beauties they are portrayed to be and that we should love them anyway. He uses two types of descriptions, one of their physical beauty and the other of their characteristics to make fun of all those ‘romantic’ poets trying to ‘brown nose’ the girls they like. One of the physical attributes, in the first quatrain, that he mentions is his â€Å"mistress’ eyes are nothing like the sun,† meaning she has no ‘twinkle’ in her eyes. In the first quatrain, he also speaks of coral as being â€Å"far more red† than the lips of his mistress; this is a use of imagery to show her non-beauty. He also recognizes that there are â€Å"no such roses† on her cheeks in the second quatra...

The Practice Of Concrete Repair Health And Social Care Essay

Concrete fix can be defined as the act of regenerating, reconstructing, or replacing of any concrete or concrete surfaces after initial arrangement ( Smoak et al, 2002 ) . In general, the demand for concrete fix can originate from different causes which may change from minor concrete holes or cracks- such as ensuing from minor imperfectnesss due to snap-tie holes or she-bolt holes, to major amendss ensuing from external factors or structural failures. In pattern, it is found that the bulk of the defects can be repaired or made good, while in some instances it is frequently found that the rebuilding of the single member or construction is frequently economical ( Allen et al, 2005 ) . It is agreed in general that the protection and the fix of the concretes are complex undertakings which requires particular attending and incorporate cognition of different specializer Fieldss. Due to the explosive growing of economic systems around the universe and due to the increased investing in substructures ( particularly in footings of care, Restoration and fix ) in the recent old ages, the fix and protection of concrete constructions has become a major subject of both scientific and economic involvement. As a consequence, the building industry has faced many challenges and demands. Underneath these demands lies the fact that the concrete construction deteriorate over clip at unbearable rates. As such, it is extremely necessary to develop the ways by which the life of the concrete constructions can be increased. There is besides a demand for appropriate tools and techniques to transport out the undertaking of fix and care of the concrete constructions within the limited budgets available. It is besides of import to see the importance of environmental conditions to which the concrete constructions are exposed while sing the tools and techniques employed for the fix of the constructions. The field of concrete fix calls for the integrated cognition ( expertness ) of different scientific Fieldss. The basic thought behind this fact is that the edifices or the concretes are confronting different environmental or external conditions and around the universes, the field pose many challenges to both the academe and the practicians likewise. Added to this, the fact that many edifices have their ain history and nature, it becomes necessary to develop and implement single schemes and solutions for the protection, fix and care of concretes. As a consequence of these complications, different basic schemes and solutions has been developed of the fix of the concrete constructions ( Raupach, cited in Alexander et Al, 2009 ) . This highlights the fact that this country requires knowledge from different Fieldss and that the sphere of the topic is more of interdisciplinary in nature.2.2.1 The pattern of concrete Repair:There are different criterions to which the pattern of fix of the c oncrete should be carried out. EN 1504 provides 43 methods to mend and protect the concrete constructions which are based on 11 different rules. However, it is by and large recommended that the interior decorator can take the appropriate solution depending on different conditions like the economical and proficient considerations ( Alexander et al, 2009 ) . It has besides been recommended in the old surveies that while choosing the optimum methods for different state of affairss, the interior decorator should look into in item the particular inquiries such as the needed degree of care, lastingness, and the sustainability ( ibid ) . Many writers have based their plants on the subject of concrete fixs ( Wall and Shrive, 1998 ; Kuhlmann, 1990 ; Plum, 1990, etc ) . Though there are many methods or criterions sing the concrete fixs, it can besides be noted that there is no standard design specification for the fix of the concretes. It can be argued from an beginning that a proper apprehension of why the spots fail could perchance cut down the figure of failures. However, due to the absence of standard design process for the fix of the concretes and the deficiency of apprehension, many research workers have now concentrated their attempts towards understanding the lastingness of fix spots.2.3 Adhesion between the concretes:In the field of concrete research, the adhesion between the concrete is one among the largely researched subjects. This has been argued to be an of import facet that influences the lastingness and the dependability of the spot up or the fix works ( Czarnecki et al, 2007 ) . In general, adhesion which can be considered as a basic issue in the fix of the concretes can be defined as the attachment of two stuffs in contact ( Czarnecki, cited in Alexander, M. G. , et Al, 2009 ) . The EN 1504-10 criterions ( European Standards ) used the term ‘bond ‘ to bespeak the adhesion that takes topographic point between the old concrete and the new concrete. As such, it is an of import factor that can besides find the effectivity of the fix. Fiebrich ( 1994 ) divided the adhesion mechanisms into three types ; mechanical interaction, chemical bonding and thermodynamic mechanisms. The European Standards, EN 1504 provides two ways of look of the formulated bond degree consequences of the adhesion ( Czarnecki, cited in Alexander, M. G. , et Al, 2009 ) . Threshold value in MPa ; towards structural fix ( EN 1504-3 ) : & gt ; 2,0MPa ( Class R4 ) , & gt ; 1,5 MPa ( Class R3 ) ; Pass/fail standards towards structural bonding ( EN1504-4 ) e.g. hardened concrete-to-hardened concrete or fresh concrete-to-hardened concrete: the trial shall ensue in break in the concrete. Once the bond is formed between the concretes, the bond can so be said to be effectual merely if the freshly formed bond ensures an even distribution of the emphasiss and an effectual transportation of burden without failure. Specifically, it has been found that the addition in adhesion, consequences in higher tolerance on non-compatibility belongings of both the old concrete and the new covering stuff ( Czarnecki et al, 2007 ) .2.4 Factors impacting Adhesion:There are many basic theories on adhesion that describe the mechanisms of the attachment between the old concrete and the new sheathing stuff. The chief theories pointed by different writers on the subject are the soaking up theories and the mechanical blocking theories ( Emmons et Al, 1994 ; Santos et Al, 2007 ; Maerz et Al, 2001 ) . Briefly, in the first theory associating to the thermodynamic surface assimilation the intermolecular forces or the Van der waal forces, the chemical linkage through the interface and the H affair increases the bond between the old and the new concrete. The 2nd theory of mechanical blocking can be broken down at two degrees foremost macroscopic in which the raggedness of surface creates mechanical blockings between shea thing and concrete and secondly at microscopic degree, the surface porousness at the interface substrate, comparable to a micro-roughness, facilitates grounding by tangle of hydrates, Bouksani et Al ( 2010 ) . Czarnecki ( 2009 ) in his research about the adhesive facets of the concrete bonds gave a important decision. He concluded that there are many factors impacting the adhesive strengths. These included: The belongingss of the fix stuffs: this included, viscousness, shrinking during puting, surface tenseness, weirdo, etc. Old concrete ( concrete substrate ) : strength of the stuff, presence of drosss, clefts present on the surface and the micro clefts, porousness of the stuff, the raggedness of the surface, etc, . The consequence of the environment: the degree of temperature- the alteration and the rate of alteration, presence of moisture- humidness degree and the alteration of humidness degree, the phenomenon of transportation- suction due to capillary consequence, the loading-mechanical burden, ageing, consequence of corrosion etc, . All these factors mentioned supra could act upon the bond between the concretes. Many of the factors could increase the bonds between the concretes but, in most of the instances, these grounds cause devastation in concrete bonds. Due to these grounds, it is obvious there is still a demand for the High Adhesive Repair Materials to be used in the fix patterns in order to turn to these issues. It has been identified that adhesion will depend on many factors. These are chiefly due to the phenomena that take topographic point at the interface country of the concretes ( Slater, 2001 ) . The chief phenomena includes, raggedness of the stuff surface, presence of wet on the surface, the humidness degrees of the external environment, external burden, wetability of the surface, the belongingss or the influence of the linear stuffs, etc, . The importance of surface raggedness, wet status and bring arounding status is frequently highlighted in many researches. It has been said that the first measure in fix or the care of the concrete after taking the method is to fix the surface of the bing concrete on to which the concrete is to be laid. This may include the remotion of the bing deteriorated concrete bed so that this can be replaced by the new stuff. The strength will depend on the grade of attachment of the new stuff on to the bing stuff. However, the influence of the raggedness and the wet of the surface besides contribute to the overall bond between the old and the new concrete. Therefore, it is really of import to guarantee that the wet and the roughness quality of the surface is achieved to the needed degree before the new concrete is laid on to the bing concrete ( Courard, 2000 ) . The difference in the consequence of the researches carried out by different research workers could be observed on ; the status under which the hardening is carried out ; the humidness status ; the bonding agents used in the experiment ; the temperature at which the trial is carried out ; the age of the specimen ; the type of the trial employed ; the design/setup of the specimen, etc. To this point, Julio et Al ( 2004 ) argued the importance of different trial parametric quantities to be considered while comparing the consequences. They noted that these differences produced contradictory consequences and as such, there is no consensus in the findings. Therefore it is by and large agreed that the comparing of findings appear to be hard. But, to acquire an overview of the current cognition and substantial findings some of the major factors that affect the adhesion between concretes are discussed below.2.4.1 A individual survey sing assorted factors:Wall et Al ( 1988 ) investigated the factors impacting the bond between the old and the new concrete in concrete fixs. The experiment was carried out to research the effects on the bonds based on different parametric quantities. These parametric quantities included the thickness of the bed of the bonds, the ratio of the cement and H2O used in fixing the howitzer, the influence of different conditions under which the hardening procedure was carried out, the influence of wetting the surface of the old concrete onto which the new concrete is laid, the influence of the hold between blending the copolymer PVA bonding agent and its application to the old concrete. The major difference that can be noted from the survey carried out by Wall et Al ( 1988 ) and other researches is the difference in the bonding strength of the specimens incorporating the Portland cement to the specimens that contained Copolymer PVA agents. It was observed in their survey that the specimens that contained Portland cement howitzer were stronger than the PVA agent 1s. Major differences were besides found in the trials associating to the thickness of the new concrete bed or the repair stuff applied to the older concretes. It was found that the strength increased when the thickness reduced ( 1/8 in and 3/16 in proved stronger than the 1/4 in bed ) . However, the writers do non give farther account sing this phenomenon. Notably, the research did non supply clear account about the affect of cement to H2O ratio. The compressive strengths for different H2O to cement ratios were found to be different. Ultimate compressive emphasis for a H2O cement ratio of 0.32 was found to be lower ( 1870 pounds per square inch lower ) than the one which had a H2O cement ratio of 0.40 by this observation, Wall et Al ( 1988 ) concluded that the bond strength between the two concretes decreased as the H2O cement ratio besides decreased. One another determination was about the surface status of the substrate concrete before the application of the new bed. It was found that the pre-wetting of the substrate before the application of the new bed resulted in bettering the strength of the bond. In instances when the PVA bonding agents dried before the application of the fix stuff to the surface, it was found that the compressive strength of the bonds decreased by 10 % . However, it was besides found that the howitzers with PVA modified cements produced higher bond strength. One other of import facet found was the influence of the bring arounding status on the strength of the bonds. Different specimens were cured under different hardening conditions. It was found to impact the ultimate strength. Though it was found that the specimens that were cured under high humidness conditions ( 100 % ) had greater strengths than the 1s cured in less humid conditions, the differences were non considerable. Hence it was concluded that the grade of influence was little when sing other parametric quantities.2.3.2 Influence of Material for the Repair:Though there are many methods that can be followed while mending the concretes, it is advised that proper attention should besides be taken while sing the fix stuff. Once these have been selected, the following of import measure is to clearly understand the conditions that the concrete will see over its life. Some of the cardinal factors are the conditions conditions, chemical exposures, the scope of temperature, the magnitu de of the burden and the continuance to which the concrete is exposed to the burden, the nature of the spot ( aesthetic or structural ) , etc. It is of import to see these facts because different researches in to the field of the concretes have shown that the public presentation of the spot stuff varies under different conditions. It can be argued that proper attention should be taken while choosing the spot stuffs by giving proper consideration to the stuff belongingss of the substrate concrete and the old concrete and the conditions to which the concrete will be exposed over its life. It could be recommended that the stuffs with different belongingss could be selected merely if the bond strengths are non affected and further it does non do any lastingness jobs ( Wipf et al, 2004 ) . However, it is critical to guarantee that the internal emphasiss do non transcend the tensile emphasiss of the substrate ( Wipf et al, 2004 ) .Influence of Adulthood:The bond between the substrate and the new concrete has besides been linked with the adulthood of the sheathing. This was pointed by Delatte et Al ( 2000 ) . To lucubrate over this subject, they linked the adulthood of the sheathing to the bond strength, which in bend was related to the overall strength of the stuff ( interface ) . It was concluded in their research that the early- age strength of the concrete had important consequence on the bond strength and the tensile strength of the stuff. These groups of researches have besides highlighted that sheathing or the interface as one of the major zones of the break. Therefore, harmonizing to Beushausen and Alexander ( 2008 ) , mechanisms of bond failures in relation to the parametric quantities of stuff and the location of failure will necessitate farther research.2.3.3 Influence of Test Method:It has been argued in the old diaries that the quality of the bond strength can be influenced by a scope of parametric quantities associating to the stuff and the conditions o f the environment ( Alexander and Beushausen, 2008 ) . Another of import factor is the trial method used. There are assorted test methods proposed to measure bond belongingss and public presentation of fix stuffs in general. They include the tensile bond, slant-shear, twist-off, flexural and patch trial etc. , However each trial is influenced by different combinations of factors and can non give entirely a full image ( Austin et al,1999 ) . For case, Momayez et Al ( 2005 ) reported in their survey that in few instances bond strength from some trials were upto eight times higher than those obtained from other type of trials. Additionally, it is of import to observe that the mechanical adhesion in tenseness varies well from that in shear ( Alexander and Beushausen, 2008 ) . Therefore, it can be argued that the positions of different writers ‘ will besides depend on the pick of the methods used in finding the bond strength.2.3.4 Condition of the surface of the interface:The bond strength besides depends on the general status of the surface like cleanliness. There is besides particular industry criterions to which the cleansing and preparing of the concrete surface should be carried out before the fix is carried out ( Charles and Scott, 1997 ) . In add-ons to these criterions, there are besides many standard recommendations provided by different makers of the fix material merchandises. The more normally known industry criterions are: ASTM D 4258 Surface Cleaning Concrete for Coating ; ASTM D 4259 Abrading Concrete ; ASTM Standards for Cleaning, Surface Preparation, and Testing ; ASTM D 4285 Indicating Oil of Water in Compressed Air, etc. One of the major points to be considered while cleaning the surface is the presence of the surface contaminations. This can be in the signifier of liquids or solids. There is a possible menace that these contaminations could jobs for the application of the stuff, hardening, adhesion or other things which are critical for organizing the bond between the two concrete beds ( Wipf et al, 2004 ) . It is noted that the presence of dust and unsound concretes are besides a major barrier for organizing a strong bond between concretes. It is recommended that the usage of the doodly-squat cock be avoided when covering with the damaged concretes. Alternatively, the usage of the chisel and cock can guarantee that the structural belongingss of the concretes are non affected ( Ibid ) .2.3.5 Influence of Roughness:The influence of the raggedness to the bond strength between the concretes has been argued by many writers. It has been argued in the old surveies that the add-on of the ordinary concrete on to the interface that is unsmooth green goods better consequences than the 1 that was laid on to the smooth interface ( Garbacz et al, 2006 ) . These findings are similar to the 1s investigated by other writers excessively. Matana et Al ( 2005 ) identified in their research that the bonds between the concretes provided good bond strength when the stuff had unsmooth interface. Similar consequences were besides given by Courard ( 2006 ) . Roughness of the substrate surface is frequently presented as the most of import factor to accomplish a good bond. This betterment is chiefly assigned to the addition of the contact surface ( Talbot et al 94, Santos et al 07 ) . On the other manus through the survey done by Perez et Al ( 2009 ) , while analyzing about the correlativity between the raggedness of substrate surface and debonding hazard, they interpreted by their consequences that increasing of raggedness does non heighten the bond strength. The argument over the influence of raggedness is still an on-going issue and as such, the consequence of the raggedness of the concrete surface over adhesion procedure is non really clear ( Austin et al, 1995 ; Czarnecki, et Al, 2003 ) . Some research workers have argued that there is influence of surface sums on the degree of adhesion that take topographic point at the interface. A seeable sum of ratios between 30 to forty per centums provided better consequences ( Fiebrich, 1994 ) . Fukuzawa et Al ( 2001 ) , argued the being of correlativity between roughness parametric quantities of the material surface and the adhesion strength. Though the raggedness of the stuff is an of import factor, some writers ( Silfwerbrand, 1990 ) have besides pointed the affect of micro clefts that are produced on the surface of the concrete when the surface is treated by different methods to accomplish the raggedness. These sorts of micro clefts are found to deteriorate the quality of the bonds that is formed between the concretes ( Garbacz et al, 2005 ) .2.3.6 Influence of wet:With respects to the presence of wet, recent surveies provide a better apprehension to the subject of influence of the wet on the strength of the bond. Bouksani et Al ( 2010 ) , in their survey on the influence of the raggedness and wet of the substrate surface on the bond between the old and the new concrete, suggest that the incursion of the sheathing stuff into the substrate concrete is chiefly dependent on quality readying of the substrate surface. They besides suggested that the surface of the substrate should be saturated with dry surface- which means that the surface of the substrate is non stagnated with H2O, so that it ensures that a good micro raggedness and a better thermodynamic surface assimilation is achieved. They suggest that the stagnancy of the H2O on the substrate surface can forestall the pores from absorbing the sheathing stuff which can ensue in a weak adhesion procedure. The overall consequence of over stagnancy is that, it will stand as a barrier in the interface zone cut downing the attachment procedure. On the other manus if the substrate stuff surface is dry with really low wet or no wet, this will ensue in the interface absorbing more H2O from the freshly laid stuff. Such a procedure will besides cut down the overall adhesion procedure as this could ensue in higher opportunity of uncomplete hydration of the cement. Therefore, it can be concluded that the wet needs to be present merely to a optimal degree. Excessively much wet or excessively small presence of wet will ensue in a weak adhesion procedure. Similarly, Xu ( 1999 ) besides studied bond strength utilizing oven dry, air dry and concentrated surface dry status of substrate. He reported that prewetting the surface of concrete substrate reduced the bond strength of the specimens used in his experiment from 0.64 to 0.12 MPa However, Saucier and Pigeon ( 1991 ) did n't happen any noteworthy difference between the bond strength of lab dried surface and pre-wetted surfaces in slant shear trial. In another survey, Austin et Al. ( 1995 ) did work on happening bond strength utilizing substrates with concentrated surface prohibitionist, saturated surface moisture and air dry wet conditions. They besides reported no important difference in bond strengths ( about 2.77 to 2.98 MPa ) due to the different wet status of substrate.2.3.7 Influence of Bring arounding Condition:There are a few researches carried out refering the affect of bring arounding status on the shear bond strength. Yee and Ibrahim ( 2010 ) in their survey on shear capacity of precast slabs investigated the difference in consequences for H2O cured samples and air cured samples. The consequences they got were changing with similar raggedness feature of surface but different bring arounding status. For case, a unsmooth surface produced higher shear capacity than a smooth one in air cured status whereas a smooth surface produced 16 to 18 % higher shear capacity in H2O cured conditions. Another noteworthy point was the influence of bring arounding status on the interface strength which was highly variable, as such it decreased by 30 % in smooth and unsmooth surface in H2O cured status where as for the air cured status it increased by 40 % between smooth and unsmooth surface.2.3.6 Influence of Bond Coat:It is common that some external agents are used in the mix to accomplish a higher degree of adhesion. Many writers have different sentiment sing this, chiefly the bond coats like polymer complexs. Some writers ( Silfwerbrand, 1998 ) argue that the bond coats can ensue in creative activity of an excess plane of failing. As a consequence, it has been advised to avo id the bond coats. Further, the bond coats could besides take to the decrease of the meshing consequence ensuing in an overall negative consequence ( Garbacz et al, 2005 ) . On the other manus these statements have been questioned by some other writers. Interestingly, harmonizing to some other writers ( Austin et al, 1995 ; Pretorius and Kruger, 2001 ) , the presence of the bond coats could increase the adhesion procedure between the two concretes. To this point, Garbacz et Al ( 2005 ) conducted a survey to look into the influence of surface intervention of the concretes on the adhesion mechanism between the concrete beds. Different surface intervention methods were used in order to accomplish different qualities of surface on the concrete stuff surface. Additionally, a fix howitzer with coat was applied to the old concrete and the adhesion was measured. The consequences showed that, in the instance of the sheathings applied without the bond coats, the adhesion procedure was influenced by the raggedness of the concrete substrate. Form this, it was concluded that the good bond strength belongingss can be achieved from the howitzer ( repair howitzer ) and the bond coat belongingss. It was further concluded that the belongingss of the bond coats and the howitzer helped in bridging the micro clefts and concrete pieces, and besides filled the surface abnormalities. Therefore, it can be concluded on the recent plants on influence of the surface on the adhesion between the surfaces the roughness status of the surface can be regarded as one of the contributing or act uponing factor in the fix of the concretes. From these treatments on the different factors impacting the bond it can be concluded that the consequences are non ever in consensus and there is still need for surveies to be carried out in this country for deriving farther penetration of the existent behavior of bond with regard to alterations in factors impacting it.2.4 Surface Roughening Technique:There are different ways in which the surface of the stuffs can be prepared to accomplish different raggedness conditions. However, the chief purpose of executing the surface intervention on the substrate is to the brand sure that the unwanted beds that might cut down the adhesion procedure are removed before the new beds of concretes are laid on to the surface. In add-on, this besides ensures that the entire country of surface contact is increased to the maximal degree. The forms and feelings achieved on the surface will depend upon the energy applied and chosen techniques. Roughening Techniques which does non deteriorate the mechanical unity of the substrate stuff must be used. It is of import to see the local status of the concrete under consideration. Consequently, common techniques like chisel and cocks, sandblasting, hydro-jetting, needle gunning, crunching or milling, hammering etc, may be used ( Garbacz et al, 2005 ) .2.4.2 Measurement of Roughness:The raggedness is by and large assessed qualitatively. But, placing the fact that this sort of raggedness rating leads to subjectiveness of consequences, there have been some efforts made to quantify the raggedness. For, case mechanical profilometry was used to distinguish polished and sandblasted concrete surfaces ( Courard 1998, Courard and Nelis 2003 & A ; Courard and Garbacz 2004 ) . Due to some defects of this procedure like viability with lone short surfaces etc. , another method of optical analysis was developed ( Perez et al 2003 ) in order to analyze big surfaces. Subsequently on, these two ab ove mentioned techniques were compared by Courard et Al ( 2006 ) and they concluded that with the combination of these two methods it is possible to acquire a really good description of â€Å" raggedness † at all graduated tables. They besides pointed out some restrictions of these methods sing the form of stylus which would do it impossible to take measurings on really unsmooth surfaces and other restrictions being really clip devouring etc. , In another survey by Courard et Al ( 2004 ) a point which is concluded is that a parametric quantity Xa which is the arithmetic mean of the going of the raggedness profile from the average line is the major discriminating parametric quantity for the comparing of surface readying techniques. In a new method for measuring the surface raggedness Abu Tair et Al ( 2000 ) , studied five different sorts of raggedness including needle gunning. They used a different attack for quantifying the raggedness by associating the sum of raggedness to Roughness Gradient of the raggedness profile obtained. They concluded that the raggedness gradient parametric quantity can give a proper indicant of the chapped surfaces. In this survey an effort is made to happen out a similar sort of parametric quantity to which the sum of raggedness can be related and the chapped surfaces can appropriately be categorized.

History of Retail Industry

Module 7 Research Paper Table of Contents History of Retail Industry History of Retail Industry Retail history goes back all the way into the 1800s. Granted a retail business now compared to back in the 18th century is night and day. Retail in the 18th century was considered a general store only in populations over 5000 and would consist of items that were necessities. Like today, you don’t have multiple retail stores to choose from like Wal-Mart, Target and Kmart. There was one store and that was all shoppers had to buy from.Department stores were gradually introduced which gave customers a chance to choose between brands and products at one location. From JC Penney founded in 1902, to Piggly Wiggly in 1916 who was the first to offer checkout lines and self service. In 1961, Target was founded with Wal-Mart in 1962 and Kohls right behind them in 1963. It wasn’t long and Best Buy, Kmart, TJ Maxx, Costco, and many more retail stores opened their doors to the industry of shopping. It didn’t take long for the retail industry to take off and attract consumers of all kinds with the convenience of shopping and with it ame an experience as well. From department stores to grocery stores they transformed their ways of selling to gives customers not only the products they want but the atmosphere that was appealing. With Wal-Mart opening its doors in 1962 it made the 1960s the revolution in the world of retail. Today, retail industry is booming, yes with the recession it hurt some of the smaller businesses but for the most part they have stayed afloat. We did lose some big retail businesses in 2008 such as Linens N Things, Mervyns and Circuit City.Consumers are going to continue to spend regardless of the economic state of our country and especially with the online retailing that was introduced in the 1990s. Buying and spending money has been that The History of Retail | |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   | à ‚  |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   | 1956 Zayre department stores founded 1946 Zero foods founded 1951 Caldor stores founded 1961 Target stores founded 1963 Kohls founded 1962 Wal-Mart stores founded as well as Best Buy 1977 TJ Maxx founded 990 Walmart becomes worlds largest retailer 1995 Amazon. com launched 1974 First use of bar code 1983 Costco Wholesale formed 1999 Kmart celebrates 100th anniversary 2002 Walmart introduces dollar store sections 2008 Linens and THings , Mervyns, Tweeter, and Circuit City files for bankruptcy 2007 CompUSA announces clsoing 2009 Microsoft announces open 1st retail store 1951 Caldor stores founded 1902 JC Penney founded 1915 The Upham's Corner Market Co founded 1916 Piggly Wiggly grocery store chain founded 1934 Service Merchandise founded 1929 Kresge Company fou nded |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   | 1910| 1920| 1930| 1940| 1950| 1960| 1965| 1970| 1980| 1990| 2000| 2010|   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   | à ‚  |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   | much easier with the click of a button on your computer, iPhone, or even your tablet. Consumers can be at home, at work, or even in their car and make a purchase with the ease of the fast moving technological innovations that has touched each aspect of the retail value chain. Retail industry has built such a successful business by offering consumers a value-based experience along with convenience and the biggest of all, choice. Corporate Stakeholders The term stakeholder is a person or group that affects and organization’s decisions, policies, and operations.With this being said, the retail industry needs to make stakeholders understand the role in the industry to help protect and improve their reputation as well as build the confidence in consumers. Corporate stakeholders have to be more than a moral responsibility to the company. They need to be a part of much more from how much consumers spend to supporting key poli cy issues and in the end will change the shareholder value. Social, Economic, and Political Setting The retail industry does a lot for the social and economic setting. Wal-Mart alone does a great deal for the communities where their stores are located. Not only do they provide jobs for around 1. 5 million people, they also have competitive pricing to help local economies. Their competitive pricing brings in more than 312 billion dollars.So not only is Wal-Mart a thriving company they believe in a family work culture as well as supporting their local communities. Many retail stores leave a big footprint in their communities and worldwide. They rally around charities and do their part to put a stamp on the map. On the other hand, most in the retail industry try to keep business and politics separate which seems to be the safest position to take. Some retail businesses like Wal-Mart and Coca Cola are open to their affiliation with the Republican Party and seems to help their image with the traditional consumers but most do not want to take a chance of offending their customer base. Domestic and International EthicsStarbucks who opened their doors in 1971 to forty-one year later they have become a global company with more than 19,000 stores in 60 different countries. They have made the Ethicsphere Institute’s World most Ethical Company List for six straight years. They introduced the Ethical Coffee sourcing program in 2001 to help farms in Central and South America improve their crops while remaining environmentally aware. They helped local nurseries plant over 200,000 seedlings to restore natural forest cover as well as decreasing the use of herbicides and chemical fertilizers with farmers. They also helped train farmers to help reduce the use of carbon by replacing more than 200,000 trees. Ecological and Natural ResourcesThe retail industry has regulations made by the Environmental Protection Agency that they have to comply by to meet regulatory obligatio ns as well as helping reduce environmental impacts such as waste management, product selection and construction of new facilities. Retail businesses may have state regulations to comply by as well as Federal regulations. Many in the retail industry are taking great strides to help impact the environment. There are four areas that highly impact the environment. One is the choice of raw materials for clothing has big impacts on the environment. Cotton is known for its rigorous use of water and pesticides and the so called natural dyes that rely on the harvest of millions of insects to reach the â€Å"natural†color.The second is manufacturing. Textile dyeing and finishing mills can be high producers of water pollution and carbon dioxide emissions and by improving their mills to reduce water, energy and chemical use can really reduce the footprint of their global supply chain. The third is transportation which unfortunately manufacturers and retailers are on other ends of the glo be which any mode of transportation sends some sort of pollution into the environment. The last impact is consumer care which many consumers may not even be aware of how a few simple steps can help reduce environmental impacts tremendously. One is washing in cold water and air drying if possible.Dry cleaning is another risk to the environment due to the chemical that is used to clean the clothes called perchloroethylene which has been known to cause many health effects with exposure to this in high levels. So it is not just the retail businesses that can help make changes to better our environment it also falls on the shoulders of designers to use fabrics that don’t require dry cleaning and to the consumers that purchase to make choices that help the environment. Clean by Design launched their program in 2009 to help reduce the environmental impacts by using buying power of multinational corporations by improving processes in the environment to reducing emissions and waste.It is astonishing to see by 2011 that Target, Wal-Mart, Gap, Levis, H;M, Nike and Li ; Fung are all participating in this program and hopefully they corporations will continue to get in board and the list will continue to grow. Social Issues In today’s lively and unstable business world of retail industry they are always faced with social issues such as customer choices, brutal competitors, complex global economy and the use of the internet. Retailers are constantly trying to find new ways to make their business more profitable and ways to get more shoppers through their doors. Retail industry has caught on to engaging with society and the consumers on a personal level. They are adapting and changing to the environment around them and constantly developing new ways to serve their customers with trust and brand loyalty.Just like Timberland Company did in 2008 by making a â€Å"nutrition label† on their shoe box to show the environmental impact it has from beginning to del ivery of the shoe. The company did this in hopes of giving consumers the information they need to make environmentally smart decisions on buying. Not only did Timberland Company do this they also comprised their shoe box that is made up of 100 percent recycled post-consumer waste fiber, no chemical glues and only soy-based inks to print labels. Timberland is just one of many retail stores that take a stand on social issues. Target is another big business in the business industry that comes to mind.From opening its doors in 1988, Target has always tried to be a step above in the industry with the competitive edge logos to their reputation for low prices and offering organic foods in their superstores. They always try to maintain their mission statement which reads, â€Å"to make Target your preferred shopping destination in all channels by delivering outstanding value, continuous innovation and exceptional guest experiences by consistently fulfilling our Expect More. Pay Less.  ® brand promise†. They not only cater to the consumers they are extremely involved with schools and the communities that surround them. They are partnered with St. Jude which is a huge plus for them and provide disaster relief and are always raising funds for our country’s children.Another company that has taking great strides to make their place in this economy just as their mission statement says to â€Å"Inspire and nurture the human spirit – one person, one cup, and one neighborhood at a time. Rating of the industry’s overall social responsiveness I believe the retail industry for the most part is trying to take the right steps to make a difference in the economy and help insure the environment is first priority. Over the years we have seen so many big corporations leave footprints in the global economy as well as making the appropriate changes to better the community and environment we live in. References Retail. (2010). Retrieved from http://www. cere s. org/roadmap-assessment/sector-analyses/retail Wal-Mart. (2012, December 9).History timeline. Retrieved from http://corporate. walmart. com/our-story/heritage/history-timeline https://corporate. target. com/about/history/Target-through-the-years (2012, March). In Starbucks Ethical Coffee Sourcing and Farmer Report. Retrieved November 8, 2012, from http://assets. starbucks. com/assets/6e52b26a7602471dbff32c9e66e685e3. pdf Clean by design. (n. d. ). Retrieved from http://www. nrdc. org/international/cleanbydesign The evolution of retailing. (2009, 12). Retrieved from http://www. kpmg. com/CN/en/IssuesAndInsights/ArticlesPublications/Documents/Evolution-retailing-o-200912. pdf Ken, A. (2012, March 31). Wal-mart company.